STARTING SYSTEM OF COMPUTER

We know that a computer is simply a machine which works under the control of a set of instructions called programs.for a computer to be ready to work,all its peripherals should be checked and activated,and the relationship between hardware and software needs to be established.for this purpose,a special type of software is used,which is called as an operating system.
Starting process of computer varies from one operating system to another.there are different process to inter into the programs,it depends upon the operating system installed into the computer.so,you have to know about operating system of computer before running the programs.
there are mainly two types of operating system used in the computer:
1.Ms.DOS(Microsoft disk operating system)
2.Ms.windows(Microsoft windows 3.11,'95,'98,'00,'xp..)however,the inner process of starting your computer is same,which is called booting.
BOOTING:
The process of loading the system files of the operating system from the disk into computer memory to complete the circuitry requirement of the computer system is called booting.
The system files of Ms.DOS ARE:
1.IO.SYS:it checks all the input and output devices and their activities and make them ready.
2.MS.DOS.SYS:it builds the relation between the hardware and the application software-acting as interface.
3.COMMAND.COM:it helps to make the instructions given to the computer using the different programs.executable.
IO.SYS AND MS DOS.SYS are hidden files but COMMAND.COM is visible.
TYPES OF BOOTING:
There are two types of booting:
1.COLD BOOTING:
If the computer is in off state and we boot the computer by pressing the power switch '0n' from the cpu box then it is called as cold booting.
2.WARM BOOTING:
If the computer is a pressing the 'RESET'buttom from the cpu box or CTRL,ALTand DEL key simultaneously from the keyboard then it is called warm booting.

ON THE BASIS OF WORKING PRINCIPLE

ANALOG COMPUTER:
Analog computer measures continuous types of data and uses a physical quantity like,electric current,voltage,temperature etc.to present and process the data.we have seen many Analog devices in our life.it represent numbers by a physical quantity;that is,they assign numeric values by physically measuring some actual property,such as the length of an object,an angle created by two lines,or the amount of voltage passing through a point in an electric circuit.thermometer,multimeter,speedometer,fuel and price indicator in petrol pump are the examples of Analog devices.they are special purpose computers.
DIGITAL COMPUTER:
The computer which accepts discrete data (discontinuous data)as per the electric signals is known as digital computer basically,digital computer counts digits which represent numbers or letters.they are the most widely used type of computers.the computers based on binary digits i.e.o and 1 are called digital computer.it represents each and every information(number,letter and other special symbols)in terms of single numbers (0 and 1)and processes these information by using standard arithmetic operations .90% of the computers are digital computers.they are general purpose computers.
HYBRID COMPUTER(ANALOG +DIGITAL)
Hybrid computer is the combination of the features of Analog and digital computers.it has both features of Analog and digital computer.it can do all types of tasks of digital and Analog.they are mostly used in scientific research,industrial application,aeroplanes etc.

HISTORY

Since ancient times,people have attempted t understand and treat disorder many early societies believed that demons caused abnormal behaviour.later,people came to regard the mentally ill as dangerous people with insufficient self-control to be normal .disturbed individuals were imprisoned or sent to dismal institutions called asylums.

During the late 1700's, the idea that abnormal behaviour resulted from serious personal problems began to be investigated.people started treating the mentally ill more humanely.

During the 1800's,people believed in possible physical reasons for different kinds of mental disorders.a german psychiatrist named Email kraepelin became famous for his lehrbuchder psychiatre(A text book of psychiatry,1883)this classified various illnesses according to their specific types of abnormal behaviour

In the late 1800's, and early 1900's, sigmund freud,an austrian doctor,developed theories about the effects of unconscious drives on behaviour.freud and his followers laid the foundations.for both the intrapsychic schoolof psychopathology and psychoanalysis.the freudianstions became especially known for their use of free association to interpret dreams,analyse memories,and make people aware of their unconscious conflicts.

Later in the 1900's, researchers proposed several other theories and treatments of abnormal psychology.these proposals centred on the relationship of psychological,physical,and social conditions in the individual and society.

s.

OUR DEVELOPMENT REGIONS

Nepal is a small counytry in the southern lap of himalayas.it has an area of 1.47,181sq.km.which is 0.03%of the total land area of the earth and 0.3%of the total area of asia.it is a landlocked country enclosed by china in the north and india in the south,east and west.the nearest sea to nepal is bay of bengal which is about 500km. from nepal.

For the smooth running of administration,nepal has been divided into village development committe (VDC),municipality,district,zone and development region.development region is the biggest administrative region in our country.development region is the synthesis of such many diversities as geographical,racial,agricultural,etc.a development region is created with aim at helping the country for the development of north to south and east to west.

His majesty's the goverment of nepal with the help of regional planners divied the kingdom of nepal into 4 development regions in 1972.these were eastern development region(EDR),central development region (CDR),western development region (WDR)and far-western development region (FWDR).FWDR appeared to be the biggest and the most backward.for this,again in 1981 the fifth development region-mid-western development region (MWDR)was created.in this way,the 4 development regions were converted into 5 development regions in 1981.

The biggest development region is MWDR(SEE MAP)with the area of 42,378sq.km.the second biggest WDR with is area 29,398 is followed by EDR28,456 and CDR 27,410.the biggest population and its density is in CDR.the lowest population is in accessible and many parts of MDDR are still unaccessible.

Each of these regions is divided into zones and each zones is further divided into districts.the division of the country into zones and districts was done in 1961 during the rule of late king mahendra.there are 75 districts and 14 zones altogether.each development region has it own head quaters.it suppervises,coordinates,inspects and controls the administrtive works of the development regions.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER OF NEPAL

The first computer brought in nepal was IBM1401 which was brought by the goverment in lease for the population center of 1972(2028BS).later,in 1975(2031BS) yantrik sarinikaran kendra (electronic data processing center)was established which was later called as national computer center (NCC).again,for the population census of 2038BS ICL 2950/10 Computer having 64 terminals was brought in nepal by the aid of UNDP.after 2039B.S microcomputers like;apple,vector,sirus were introduced in the capital.from that time computers have been used in different goverment sectors like banking,agriculture,universities etc.now there are thousands of computer institutes providing computer education,assembling,maintenance etc.through out of the kingdom of nepal.

COMPUTER SYSTEM

All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations.
Computer system(1)HARD WARE (2)SOFT WARE.
A.HARD WARE:
The physical parts of the computer,which can be seen and touched is known as hard ware.it is just the mechanical parts of the computer.all the devices attached to the computer system like:mouse,keyboard,monitor,cpu,motherboard,hard disk are hard ware.it includes all the components used to make the computer.it also includes the cables,connectors and computer peripherals.
B.SOFT WARE:
Software,simply are the computer programs.the instructions given to the computer in the from of a program is called soft ware.soft ware is the set of programs,which are used for different purposes.all the programs used in computer to perform specific task is called software.

USES OF COMPUTER

computer,one of the most powerful machine today,is being used every where.let's discuss the uses of computer on various sectors of our society.
A.BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY=the uses of computer in business/office improve their working efficiency.record keeping becomes very easy.information can be searched immediately.the use of computer in industries,has improved their efficiency.the cost of production goes down.the quality of products is improved.unplesant and hazardous work can be performed by using robots.working hours of laborers are reduced;they get more leisure.
B.HEALTH CARE=computer are also being used for planning and control purposes by health -care professionals.computer equipment is used to monitor pulse rate,blood pressure and other vital signs.this loads to correct and fast diagnosis.medical researchers are using computers as a tool in their search for cures of deadly diseases like cancer and aids.